So, you've read dozens — if not hundreds — of SEO articles online. You've digested countless tips and tricks for improving your website's SEO. You've even (over)paid that self-proclaimed "expert" to help you develop an SEO strategy that aligns with your business goals.
But after all of the reading and learning and strategizing, it dawns on you: You haven't actually done anything yet. Perhaps you're intimidated. Maybe you're crunched for time.
Regardless, when it comes to on-page SEO, there's no excuse for dragging your feet. On-page SEO has the power to bring countless new visitors — and customers — right to your website.
On-page SEO is also completely up to you: You get to establish what the topic and/or goal of each page will be. You get to decide on the target audience for that page. And you get to choose the target keywords and phrases you want to focus on.
All you have to do is get started, and we built this guide to help you.
Google's algorithm ranks your website on three main factors: on-page SEO, off-page SEO, and technical SEO:
- We'll cover on-page SEO elements below.
- Off-page SEO refers to social sharing, external linking, and more.
- Technical SEO refers to all the SEO elements not included in on-page and off-page practices, such as structured data, site speed, and mobile readiness — the more technical parts of SEO.
Note: This SEO "trilogy" isn't always divided into three clean sections; some of these SEO elements will overlap. You'll see how and why throughout this piece.
Why is on-page SEO important?
On-page SEO is important because it tells Google all about your website and how you provide value to visitors and customers. It helps your site be optimized for both human eyes and search engine bots.
Merely creating and publishing your website isn't enough — you must optimize it for Google and other search engines in order to rank and attract new traffic.
On-page SEO is called "on-page" because the tweaks and changes you make to optimize your website can be seen by visitors on your page (whereas off-page and technical SEO elements aren't always visible).
Every part of on-page SEO is completely up to you; that's why it's critical that you do it correctly. Now, let's discuss the elements of on-page SEO.
All on-page SEO elements fall into three main categories:
You'll see these elements divided into sections below.Content Elements
Content elements refer to the elements within your site copy and content. In this section, we'll focus mostly on crafting high-quality page content that benefits your visitors and tells Google that your website provides value.
High-quality page content
Page content is the heart of on-page SEO. It tells both search engines and readers what your website and business is all about and how you can help.
The first step to creating high-quality content is choosing relevant keywords and topics. Conduct keyword research by searching Google for terms and seeing what surfaces for competitors and other websites. You can also use tools like Ahrefs, AnswerthePublic, and UberSuggest.
Also, read our Beginner's Guide on How to Do Keyword Research for SEO.
Next, consider how your page content falls into the buyer's journey and visitors' search intent. These will affect how you will use your keywords and what types of content you will create:
| Stage in the Buyer's Journey | Suggested Content/Website Pages |
| Awareness |
Blog posts, videos |
| Consideration |
Buyer's guides, case studies |
| Decision |
Product demos, comparison tools |
Now, it's time to write your page content or clean it up if you're currently auditing your on-page SEO.
Here are a few best practices for writing high-quality page content:
- Incorporate short and long-tail keywords naturally.
- Add engaging and relevant visual content.
- Write for your specific buyer persona(s).
- Actively solve your audience's problem.
- Develop content people will share and link to.
- Optimize for conversions with CTAs to offers and product pages.
Page content is your opportunity to communicate value to Google and your site visitors; it's the heart of the on-page SEO process. All other on-page SEO elements stem from high-quality page content, so invest ample resources to develop and optimize it.
HTML Elements
HTML elements refer to the elements in your source code. Note: To see the source code for any page in your browser, click View > Developer > View Source in the top menu.
Page titles
Your website page titles (also known as title tags) are one of the most important SEO elements.
Titles tell both visitors and search engines what they can find on the corresponding pages.
To ensure your site pages rank for the proper intent, be sure to include the focus keyword for each page in the title. Incorporate your keyword as naturally as possible.
Here are some best practices for when developing a page title:
- Keep it under 70 characters (per Google's latest update) ... any longer and your title will be cut off in search results. Mobile search results show up to 78 characters.
- Don't stuff the title with keywords. Not only does keyword-stuffing present a spammy and tacky reading experience, but modern search engines are smarter than ever — they've been designed to specifically monitor for (and penalize!) content that's unnaturally stuffed with keywords.
- Make it relevant to the page.
- Don't use all caps.
- Include your brand in the title, i.e. "The Ultimate Guide to On-Page SEO in 2019 — HubSpot Blog".
Check out our free data-driven guide to writing effective page titles.
Headers
Headers, also known as body tags, refer to the HTML element <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, and so on.
These tags help organize your content for readers and help search engines distinguish what part of your content is most important and relevant, depending on search intent.
Incorporate important keywords in your headers, but choose different ones than what's in your page title. Put your most important keywords in your <h1> and <h2> headers.Meta descriptions
Meta descriptions are the short page descriptions that appear under the title in search results. Although it's not an official ranking factor for search engines, it can influence whether or not your page is clicked on — therefore, it's just as important when doing on-page SEO.
Meta descriptions can also be copied over to social media when your content is shared (by using structured markup, which we talk about below), so it can encourage click-throughs from there, too.
Here's what makes for a good meta description:
- Keep it under 160 characters, although Google has been known to allow longer meta descriptions — up to 220 characters. (Note: Mobile devices cut off meta descriptions at 120 characters.)
- Include your entire keyword or keyword phrase.
- Use a complete, compelling sentence (or two).
- Avoid alphanumeric characters like —, &, or +.
Image alt-text
Image alt-text is like SEO for your images. It tells Google and other search engines what your images are about ... which is important because Google now delivers almost as many image-based results as they do text-based results.
That means consumers may be discovering your site through your images. In order for them to do this, though, you have to add alt-text to your images.
Here's what to keep in mind when adding image alt-text:
- Make it descriptive and specific.
- Make it contextually relevant to the broader page content.
- Keep it shorter than 125 characters.
- Use keywords sparingly, and don't keyword stuff.
Structured markup
Structured markup, or structured data, is the process of "marking up" your website source code to make it easier for Google to find and understand different elements of your content.
Structured markup is the key behind those featured snippets, knowledge panels, and other content features you see when you search for something on Google. It's also how your specific page information shows up so neatly when someone shares your content on social media.
Note: Structured data is considered technical SEO, but I'm including it here because optimizing it creates a better on-page experience for visitors.
Site Architecture Elements
Site architecture elements refer to the elements that make up your website and site pages. How you structure your website can help Google and other search engines easily crawl the pages and page content.
Page URLs
Your page URLs should be simple to digest for both readers and search engines. They are also important when keeping your site hierarchy consistent as you create subpages, blog posts, and other types of internal pages.
For example, in the above URL, "blog" is the sub-domain, "hubspot.com" is the domain, "sales" is the directory for the HubSpot Sales Blog, and "startups" indicates the specific path to that blog post.
Here are a few tips on how to write SEO-friendly URLs:
- Remove the extra, unnecessary words.
- Use only one or two keywords.
- Use HTTPS if possible, as Google now uses that as a positive ranking factor.
Internal linking
Internal linking is the process of hyperlinking to other helpful pages on your website. (See how the words "internal linking" are linked to another HubSpot blog post in the sentence above? That's an example.)
Internal linking is important for on-page SEO because internal links send readers to other pages on your website, keeping them around longer and thus telling Google your site is valuable and helpful. Also, the longer visitors are on your website, the more time Google has to crawl and index your site pages. This ultimately helps Google absorb more information about your website and potentially rank it higher on the search engine results pages.
Download our free guide to Internal Linking for SEO.
Mobile responsiveness
Did you know over the last year, Google has started favoring sites that are optimized for faster mobile speeds — even for desktop searches? Mobile responsiveness matters.
It's critical to choose a website hosting service, site design and theme, and content layout that's readable and navigable on mobile devices. If you're not sure about your own site's mobile readiness, use Google's Mobile-Friendly Test tool.
Site speed
Whether being viewed on a mobile device or desktop, your site must be able to load quickly. When it comes to on-page SEO, page speed counts big-time.
Google cares about user experience first and foremost. If your site loads slowly or haphazardly, it's likely your visitors aren't going to stick around — and Google knows that. Moreover, site speed can impact conversions and ROI.
Check your website's speed anytime using Google's PageSpeed Insights tool. If your website is movin' slow, check out 5 Easy Ways to Help Reduce Your Website’s Page Loading Speed.
Note: Mobile responsiveness and site speed are considered technical SEO, but I'm including them here because optimizing them creates a better on-page experience for visitors.
Now that you understand the different on-page SEO elements, let's talk through the steps of auditing and improving your on-page SEO.
One of the more difficult parts of this process is organizing and tracking all of these various on-page SEO elements.
If you've been in search of a solution, you're in luck: The HubSpot marketing team recently released an updated version of our On-Page SEO Template, an Excel document that allows you to coordinate pages and keywords — and track changes — all in one place.
In this section, we'll be using this template as a guide as we walk you through a checklist for your on-page SEO management, step by step. Download the template now and follow along.
(Note: The fictional website "http://www.quantify.ly" will be used as an example throughout this post. It's simply meant to help you imagine how your own website will fit into the template.)
1. Crawl Your Website
Get an overview of all of your website pages that search engines have indexed. For HubSpot customers, our Page Performance tool (under Reports) will allow you to do this. If you're not using HubSpot, you can try using a free tool like Xenu's link crawler.
After crawling your site and exporting the results into an Excel (or .csv) file, there will be three key columns of data that you should focus on:
- The web address (a.k.a. URL)
- The page title
- The page meta description
The URL should be pasted into column B, the page title into column C, and the description into column E.
2. Conduct an SEO Audit and Define Your Site Architecture
Now that you have a basic index of your site in the template, you'll want to organize and prioritize your web pages. Start by defining where within your site architecture your existing pages currently sit. Do this in column A.
Note whether a page is your homepage (ideally you'll only have one of those), a page in your primary (or secondary) navigation menu, an internal page, and so on.
3. Update URLs, Page Titles, and Meta Descriptions
Review your current URLs, page titles, and meta descriptions to see if they need updating. This is the beauty of using a template to organize your SEO: You get a broad overview of the type of content you have on your website.
Notice how column D and column F automatically calculate the length of each element. The recommended length for page titles is anything under 60 characters. (And, actually, a quick and easy optimization project is to update all page titles that are longer than 60 characters.)
The recommended length for page meta descriptions is 155-160 characters. This is the perfect length to ensure none of the description is cut off by the ellipses. Make sure you're not too repetitive with keywords in this space. Writing a good meta description isn't tough, but it deserves just as much consideration as the page content itself.
(Note: For some sites, you may also have to update the URLs, but that's not always the case and thus was not included as part of this optimization template.)
4. Establish Value Propositions for Each Page
A very important next step, which is often overlooked, is establishing a value proposition for each page of your website. Each page should have a goal aside from just ranking for a particular term. You'll do this in column G.
5. Define Your Target Audience
In column H, you have the opportunity to define your page's target audience. Is it a single buyer persona or multiple personas? Keep this persona in mind as you optimize your site's pages. (Remember, you are optimizing for humans, too — not just search engine robots.)
6. Plan New Page Titles
Now that you've documented your existing page titles and have established value propositions and target audiences for each of your pages, write new page titles (if necessary) to reflect your findings in column K. People usually follow the formula of "Keyword Phrase | Context." The goal of the page title is to lay out the purpose of the page without being redundant. Double check each title length in column L.
7. Add New Meta Descriptions
If you need to create new meta descriptions, do so in column M. Each meta description should be a short, declarative sentence that incorporates the same keyword as your page's title. It should not reflect the content verbatim as it appears on the page. Get as close as you can to the 150-character limit to maximize space and tell visitors as much as possible about your page.
8. Track Keywords and Topics for Each Page
Think of your target keyword as the designated topic for a particular page. In column O, define just one topic per page. This allows you to go more in-depth and provide more detailed information about that topic. This also means that you are only optimizing for one keyword per page, meaning you have a greater chance to rank for that keyword.
There are, of course, a few exceptions to this rule. Your homepage is a classic example. The goal of your homepage is to explain what your entire website is about, and thus you'll need a few keywords to do that. Another exception is overview pages like services and product pages, which outline what all of your products and services may be.
9. Review and Edit Page Content as Needed
Good copy needs to be thorough, clear, and provide solutions ... so, be compelling! Write for your target audience and about how you can help them. Compelling content is also error-free, so double check your spelling and grammar.
Aim to have at least 500 words per page, and format content to make it easier to read and digest with the use of headers and subheaders. Columns P through R can be used to keep track of changes that you've made to your content or to note where changes need to be implemented.
10. Incorporate Visual Content
Content can be more than just text, so consider what kind of visual content you can incorporate into each page (if it adds value and serves a purpose, of course). Columns S and T allow you to note which visual elements need to be added. When adding an image to a page, be sure to include a descriptive file name and image alt-text.
11. Add Internal Links
Incorporating links throughout your pages is a must, but it's often something that's easily overlooked. Use columns U through W to plan for these elements if you don't already have them, or to document how you'll improve them.
Make sure that your anchor text includes more than just your keywords. The goal isn't to stuff in as many keywords as possible, but to make it easy for people to navigate your site.
12. Optimize for Conversions
If you're also not optimizing your site to increase the number of leads, subscribers, and/or customers you're attracting ... you're doing it wrong.
Columns X through AF allow you to plan for conversions. Remember that each page of your website presents a conversion opportunity. That means every page of your website should include at least one call-to-action (CTA), though many pages may have multiple CTAs.
Be sure that your site has a mix of CTAs for different stages of the flywheel.
(Note: The On-Page SEO Template refers to the stages of the buying funnel — top of the funnel, middle of the funnel, and bottom of the funnel. If you are a HubSpot customer, you can even use Smart Content to display these specific CTAs only to people in a specific part of the funnel.)
Also, as you add, edit, or update CTAs, be sure to note conversion rate changes in columns Z, AC, and AF.
Put Your On-Page SEO to Work
Once you finalize your SEO plans, implement these changes on your website or pass them along to someone to implement for you. This will take time to complete, so aim to work on 5 to 10 pages per week.
Remember: SEO is not a one-and-done deal. It's something you should continually improve upon. You should treat this On-Page SEO Template as a living, breathing document that will help guide your SEO strategy for months (or years) to come.
Editor's Note: This post was originally published in October 2012 and has been updated for freshness, accuracy, and comprehensiveness.
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